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The information provided on this website is for general information and educational purposes only. To ensure accuracy, it is recommended that readers refer to the full case on the Supreme Court of the Philippines' website  at Supreme Court E-Library. The SYNOPSIS, FACTS, and DIGESTS presented on this blog are based on the author's summary of the Supreme Court's decision and are intended to provide a general understanding of the case. However, it is important to note that the doctrines and summaries provided here are not official and should be used at your own risk. If any inconsistencies, typographical errors, or similar issues are found, please use the comments section to inform us.

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